News

  1. Home
  2. Industry news
  3. 7 Essential Symbols & Lights: What are the traditional decorations for Ramadan? A Practical 2025 Guide

7 Essential Symbols & Lights: What are the traditional decorations for Ramadan? A Practical 2025 Guide

Oct 20, 2025

Abstract

The observance of Ramadan extends beyond the spiritual discipline of fasting, encompassing a rich tapestry of cultural expressions that manifest in the adornment of homes and public spaces. This article examines the traditional decorations associated with the holy month, providing an in-depth analysis of their historical origins, symbolic meanings, and contemporary applications. It investigates the central role of light, symbolized by the Fanoos lantern, and its connection to concepts of spiritual enlightenment and community. The significance of celestial symbols, namely the crescent moon and star, is explored in relation to the Islamic lunar calendar and divine guidance. The analysis extends to the aesthetic and spiritual function of Islamic calligraphy, the use of symbolic colors in textiles like Khayamiya, and the incorporation of natural elements such as dates and flowers. By tracing these decorative traditions from their historical roots in regions like Fatimid Egypt to their modern interpretations across the global Muslim diaspora, this text elucidates how these objects and motifs serve not merely as ornamentation, but as powerful conduits for fostering a festive atmosphere, reinforcing cultural identity, and deepening the collective experience of this sacred time.

Key Takeaways

  • The Fanoos lantern is a quintessential symbol, with deep historical roots in Egypt, representing light and joy.
  • The crescent moon and star are key motifs, signifying the start of the holy month and divine guidance.
  • Islamic calligraphy, featuring Quranic verses, transforms spaces with sacred art and spiritual reminders.
  • Understanding the symbolism helps in thoughtfully selecting your traditional decorations for Ramadan.
  • String lights and candles create a warm, celebratory ambiance, reflecting the theme of spiritual light.
  • Textiles and natural elements like dates and flowers add layers of color, texture, and meaning.
  • Decorating for Ramadan is a cherished tradition that strengthens family bonds and community spirit.

Table of Contents

The Luminous Heart of the Holy Month: The Fanoos Lantern

When one thinks of the ambiance of Ramadan, it is often a sensory experience that comes to mind first. The scent of special foods prepared for Iftar, the sounds of prayers and communal gatherings, and most visually potent, the distinctive glow of lights against the evening sky. Central to this visual landscape is the Fanoos, the quintessential Ramadan lantern. Its presence is more than mere illumination; it is a vessel of history, a beacon of joy, and perhaps the most iconic emblem of the holy month’s festive spirit. To understand its place in the hearts of millions is to appreciate a tradition that has been passed down through generations, each flicker of its light connecting the present to a long and storied past. The question of what are the traditional decorations for Ramadan often begins, and can be most vividly answered, with the story of the Fanoos.

The Historical Glow: Tracing the Origins of the Fanoos

The story of the Fanoos is deeply embedded in the history of Egypt, specifically within the era of the Fatimid Caliphate (969-1171 CE). While the exact origin is a subject of historical debate and folkloric tales, one of the most popular accounts connects the lantern to the Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. The story suggests that he had issued a decree that women should not leave their homes after dark. The only exception was during Ramadan, and even then, they had to be accompanied by a young boy carrying a Fanoos to light the way and to signal their presence to men on the street. Another compelling narrative places the origin on the day Caliph Al-Mu’izz li-Din Allah arrived in Cairo in 969 CE. The residents of the city were said to have come out in droves to welcome him, holding lanterns to light up his path in the darkness.

Regardless of which tale holds more historical water, the common thread is undeniable: the Fanoos was born in Cairo as an object of practical illumination that quickly became associated with a specific time and a specific feeling—the communal, nocturnal life of Ramadan. From a simple tool to navigate darkened streets, it evolved into a symbol of celebration, a toy for children, and a decorative piece that announced the arrival of the holy month to all. This transformation from utility to symbol is a powerful testament to how objects can absorb and radiate human emotion and collective memory (Fahmy, 2017).

From Fatimid Cairo to Global Icon: The Evolution of a Symbol

The journey of the Fanoos from the streets of medieval Cairo to its status as a global symbol of Ramadan is a fascinating study in cultural transmission. For centuries, the craft of making these lanterns was a specialized art form centered in Cairo, particularly in areas near Bab Zuweila and Al-Ghouriya. Craftsmen would spend the months leading up to Ramadan meticulously cutting tin and soldering it into intricate shapes, then fitting colorful panes of glass. These were not just objects, but works of folk art.

As Egyptians migrated and as cultural exchange across the Muslim world intensified, the tradition of the Fanoos traveled with them. It found a home in the Levant, the Arabian Gulf, and North Africa, with each region sometimes adding its own subtle stylistic flairs. In the modern era of globalization and digital media, the image of the Fanoos has become universally recognizable. It appears on greeting cards, in television specials, and as digital icons. This globalization has also influenced its design. While traditional tin and glass lanterns are still cherished, today one can find Fanoos made from wood, plastic, and even intricate beadwork. Many modern versions incorporate battery-operated LEDs, a practical adaptation that preserves the aesthetic while removing the hazard of an open flame, making them safer for children and indoor use.

Lantern Style Primary Materials Design Characteristics Common Geographic Association
Egyptian (Cairene) Tin, Copper, Colored Glass Intricate geometric patterns, star and crescent cutouts, often large and architectural in shape. Egypt, The Levant
Moroccan Wrought Iron, Brass, Stained Glass Arched windows, detailed metal fretwork, often features vibrant, multi-colored glass panels. Morocco, North Africa
Turkish Blown Glass, Brass Filigree Mosaic patterns created from small glass pieces (like a mosaic lamp), or a single piece of colored blown glass. Turkey
Modern/Fusion Wood, Plastic, Fabric Simplified geometric shapes, laser-cut patterns, often incorporates LED lights and digital elements. Global Diaspora

Materials and Craftsmanship: A Spectrum of Artistry

To hold a traditional Fanoos is to appreciate the skill of the artisan. The classic Cairene lantern is a marvel of geometry and patience. Sheets of tin or copper are cut into precise shapes that will form the body, the dome, and the base. These pieces are then soldered together, a process requiring a steady hand and a deep understanding of how the metal behaves under heat. The most magical part of the process is the fitting of the glass. Stained glass, in primary colors of red, blue, green, and yellow, is carefully cut to fit into the metal frames. When a candle or bulb is lit inside, the light is fractured and colored, casting a warm, kaleidoscopic glow that is instantly recognizable.

The designs are rarely arbitrary. Many feature Islamic geometric patterns (arabesques), which are themselves a deep artistic tradition meant to reflect the underlying order and unity of the universe. Others will have star and crescent shapes cut directly into the metal, reinforcing the lantern’s connection to the holy month. In recent years, there has been a renewed appreciation for this craftsmanship, both as a form of cultural preservation and as a preference for authentic, handmade goods over mass-produced items. Browsing a collection of beautiful Ramadan decorations often reveals this wide spectrum, from simple, modern designs to ornate, handcrafted masterpieces.

Integrating the Fanoos in Modern Homes: Styling for 2025

Incorporating the Fanoos into your home for Ramadan 2025 can be a beautiful way to connect with this tradition. The approach can range from the very simple to the elaborately curated.

For a minimalist approach, a single, large, and beautifully crafted Fanoos can serve as a stunning centerpiece on a console table in your entryway or on a mantelpiece. Placed there, it acts as a welcoming beacon for family and guests. You might choose a traditional brass or copper lantern to add a touch of vintage elegance.

For a more festive and abundant look, consider grouping several lanterns of varying sizes and heights. A cluster of three or five Fanoos on the floor in a corner of a living room can create a magical, cozy nook. Using battery-operated candles inside them makes this a safe and effortless arrangement that can be left on throughout the evening.

You can also think about color. If your home has a neutral color palette, a set of Fanoos with vibrant blue or red glass can provide a stunning pop of color. Conversely, if your decor is already colorful, a lantern made of intricate, uncolored brass or perforated tin can add texture and a sophisticated metallic accent without clashing with your existing scheme.

Finally, don’t limit them to the indoors. Hanging smaller Fanoos from tree branches in a garden or lining a walkway with them for an Iftar gathering can extend the festive atmosphere outside, creating a truly enchanting experience for your guests from the moment they arrive.

The Celestial Guide: The Crescent Moon and Star

Beyond the earthly glow of the lantern, the decorations of Ramadan draw heavily from the cosmos. The crescent moon (hilal) and the star are arguably the most spiritually significant symbols associated with Islam, and their presence during Ramadan is profound. Unlike the Fanoos, which is a cultural tradition, the crescent moon is directly tied to the theological and ritual heart of the month. Its sighting marks the very beginning and end of Ramadan, a divine timekeeper in the sky. When families ponder what are the traditional decorations for Ramadan, the crescent and star offer a connection to the very rhythm of the holy month itself.

Astronomical and Islamic Significance

Islam follows a lunar calendar, which consists of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. Each month begins with the sighting of the new crescent moon. Because the lunar year is about 11 days shorter than the solar year, the Islamic months, including Ramadan, move backward through the seasons. The physical act of sighting the hilal is a practice that dates back to the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It is a moment of anticipation and excitement that unifies the global Muslim community. The Quran itself points to the moon as a marker for humanity: “They ask you, [O Muhammad], about the new moons. Say, ‘They are measurements of time for the people and for Hajj…'” (Quran 2:189).

Therefore, when the crescent moon is used as a decorative motif, it is not merely a pretty shape. It is a direct reference to the sacred calendar, a symbol of the passage of holy time, and a reminder of the unity of all Muslims who begin their fast based on its appearance. The star, often paired with the crescent, has a more complex and less direct symbolism but is widely interpreted as representing guidance, light, and the divine, much like stars have guided travelers for millennia.

The Symbolism of New Beginnings and Divine Guidance

The crescent moon is, by its very nature, a symbol of new beginnings. It is the first sliver of light from the moon as it emerges from darkness, heralding the start of a new monthly cycle. In the context of Ramadan, this symbolism is particularly poignant. Ramadan is a month of spiritual renewal, a time to shed old habits, seek forgiveness, and begin anew with a clean slate. The delicate arc of the crescent perfectly captures this sense of nascent hope and spiritual rebirth.

Placing a crescent moon decoration in the home serves as a constant, gentle reminder of this purpose. It encourages a mindset of reflection and personal growth throughout the month. Every time one’s eye catches the symbol, it can be a prompt to renew one’s intention, to be more patient, more charitable, more devout. The star, often nestled within the crescent’s embrace, can be seen as the light of faith or divine guidance that illuminates this path of renewal. Together, they form a powerful visual metaphor for the journey of the soul during Ramadan.

Decorative Interpretations: From Rooftops to Tabletop Accents

The beauty of the crescent and star motif lies in its versatility. It can be rendered in countless materials and scales, making it adaptable to any home and any style.

In many Muslim-majority countries, large, illuminated crescent and star symbols are placed on the pinnacles of mosques and on public buildings, announcing the festive season to the entire city. This large-scale public display is mirrored in the home in various ways. Large, lighted crescent moon shapes, often made from metal frames wrapped in fairy lights or neon-style LED strips, have become incredibly popular. These can be hung in a large window, on a feature wall, or above a fireplace, becoming the focal point of a room’s Ramadan decor.

On a smaller scale, the motif is ubiquitous. It appears as:

  • Tabletop Decor: Freestanding crescent shapes made of wood, metal, or acrylic can adorn a dining table, a mantelpiece, or a bookshelf. These are often intricately carved or painted with “Ramadan Mubarak” (Blessed Ramadan).
  • Wall Hangings: Macrame wall hangings incorporating a crescent moon shape have become a popular bohemian-chic interpretation. Wooden or metal cutouts can also be hung individually or as part of a larger gallery wall.
  • String Lights: Fairy lights with small crescent and star shapes are a whimsical and easy way to incorporate the theme. They can be draped around mirrors, bed frames, or windows.
  • Serving Dishes: During Iftar, serving platters, candy dishes, and even cookie cutters are often found in the shape of a crescent and star, bringing the symbolic meaning directly to the table of fellowship.

Crafting Your Own Celestial Decor: A Family Activity

Creating your own crescent and star decorations can be a wonderful family tradition that helps children connect with the symbolism of the month. The process of making something with their own hands can instill a deeper appreciation for the meaning behind the shapes.

A simple and fun project involves using sturdy cardboard. Draw and cut out a large crescent moon and several smaller stars. The family can then decide how to decorate them. You could:

  1. Paint them: Use gold, silver, or deep blue paint to give them a celestial feel. Adding a layer of glitter can make them sparkle.
  2. Wrap them in yarn or string lights: Wrapping the cardboard shapes in chunky yarn gives them a soft, textured look. For a more magical effect, carefully wrap them with battery-operated fairy lights.
  3. Create a mobile: Punch a small hole at the top of the crescent and several holes along its bottom curve. Use string or fishing line to hang the smaller stars from the crescent, creating a beautiful mobile that can be hung in a child’s room or a living area.

This shared activity not only results in a unique piece of decor but also creates lasting memories and provides a natural opportunity to talk about why the moon is so important during Ramadan. It transforms decoration from a passive act of buying into an active process of creating and learning together.

The Word as Art: The Role of Islamic Calligraphy

While lights and celestial symbols create the atmosphere of Ramadan, Islamic calligraphy introduces a layer of profound spiritual meaning. In Islam, the written word holds a sacred status, as it is the medium through which God’s revelation, the Quran, was transmitted. Calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting, is therefore considered one of the highest art forms. During Ramadan, a month centered on the Quran’s revelation, adorning the home with calligraphic art is a way to keep the divine word present in one’s surroundings, turning walls and surfaces into reminders of faith, gratitude, and prayer. It is a sophisticated and deeply meaningful response to the question of what are the traditional decorations for Ramadan.

The Sanctity of the Written Word in Islam

The reverence for calligraphy in the Islamic world is tied to the very first word of the revelation that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) received: “Iqra!” which means “Read!” or “Recite!” (Quran 96:1). This divine command underscored the importance of reading, knowledge, and the preservation of the sacred text. Because figural representation was often discouraged in religious contexts to avoid any form of idolatry, artists poured their creative energies into elevating the script itself into an art form.

Calligraphy became the primary vehicle for aesthetic expression in mosques, palaces, and homes. The letters of the Arabic alphabet, with their elegant curves and versatile forms, were transformed into breathtakingly complex and beautiful compositions. A piece of calligraphy is not just text; it is a visual interpretation of the text’s meaning, where the harmony and balance of the design reflect the divine harmony of the message itself (Safadi, 1978). During Ramadan, when Muslims strive to read the entire Quran, having its verses beautifully rendered in one’s home serves as both an inspiration and a constant spiritual anchor.

Common Quranic Verses and Phrases Used in Ramadan Decor

The choice of text for Ramadan calligraphy is always intentional. The verses and phrases selected are those that resonate most strongly with the themes of the holy month: mercy, forgiveness, fasting, prayer, and gratitude. Some of the most common examples include:

  • “Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim” (In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful): This phrase, which begins almost every chapter of the Quran, is a foundational statement of faith and is often placed at the entrance of a home or in a dining area.
  • “Ramadan Mubarak” (Blessed Ramadan) and “Ramadan Kareem” (Generous Ramadan): These are traditional greetings for the month. They are not Quranic verses but are universally used phrases of celebration and goodwill, perfect for banners and focal art pieces.
  • “Allahu Akbar” (God is the Greatest): A simple yet powerful declaration of God’s majesty.
  • Ayat al-Kursi (The Throne Verse, Quran 2:255): This is one of the most well-known verses in the Quran, often recited for protection. Its powerful words describing God’s omnipotence make it a popular choice for prominent display.
  • The Shahada (Declaration of Faith): “La ilaha illa Allah, Muhammadur rasul Allah” (There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God). This is the cornerstone of Islamic belief.
  • Verses about Fasting: “O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous” (Quran 2:183). This verse directly addresses the central practice of Ramadan.

Styles of Calligraphy: Kufic, Naskh, and Thuluth

The beauty of Islamic calligraphy lies in its diversity of styles, or scripts. Each script has its own character and historical context. While there are dozens of scripts, a few are particularly prominent in decorative arts.

Calligraphy Script Visual Characteristics Historical/Common Use
Kufic Angular, rectilinear, and bold. One of the oldest scripts. Early Quran manuscripts, architectural inscriptions on buildings. Its geometric quality gives it a modern, minimalist feel in contemporary decor.
Naskh Cursive, clear, and highly legible. Small and rounded. The most common script for printing books and Qurans today due to its clarity. Often used for smaller pieces or longer passages of text in decor.
Thuluth Large, elegant, and cursive, with long, sweeping vertical lines and dramatic curves. Known as the “mother of scripts.” Monumental inscriptions in mosques, ornate chapter headings in the Quran. It is highly favored for large, single-phrase decorative pieces due to its majestic and artistic flair.
Diwani Extremely cursive and fluid, with letters often interlocking in complex ways. It can be difficult to read but is highly decorative. Developed in the Ottoman court for royal decrees. Used in modern art for its expressive and dynamic quality.

When choosing calligraphic decor, understanding these styles can help you select a piece that not only conveys the right message but also matches your aesthetic preference. A piece in Kufic script might suit a modern, minimalist home, while a flowing Thuluth piece would be a stunning focal point in a more traditional or eclectic space.

Modern Applications: Digital Prints, Engravings, and Lighted Art

Traditionally, calligraphy was painstakingly handwritten on paper or parchment, carved into wood or stone, or painted onto ceramics. While these traditional forms are still highly valued, modern technology has opened up a world of new possibilities for incorporating calligraphy into Ramadan decorations.

  • High-Quality Prints: The most accessible option for many is a high-quality print. Countless artists and designers offer their calligraphic works as digital downloads or physical prints, allowing you to choose from thousands of styles and phrases. These can be framed and hung as you would any other piece of art.
  • Laser Cutting and Engraving: Laser technology allows for incredibly precise cutting and engraving of calligraphic designs onto materials like wood, acrylic, and metal. This results in stunning 3D wall art, freestanding sculptures, and even personalized decorations for trays or boxes.
  • Vinyl Decals: For a non-permanent option, vinyl wall decals are an excellent choice. They can be applied to a wall to create the look of a hand-painted mural and can be easily removed after Eid without damaging the paint.
  • Lighted Calligraphy: A beautiful fusion of two decorative traditions, lighted calligraphy has become very popular. This can take the form of a lightbox with a calligraphic design on the front, or a neon-style LED light bent into the shape of an Arabic word like “Allah” or a phrase like “Ramadan Kareem.” This combines the spiritual weight of the word with the festive glow of light.

Incorporating calligraphy is about making your faith visible and beautiful. It elevates the home from a mere dwelling to a space that actively participates in the spiritual reflection of Ramadan. It is a constant, silent recitation of the words that lie at the heart of the holy month.

Illuminating the Spirit: Strings of Lights and Candles

Light, in nearly every culture and spiritual tradition, is a powerful metaphor for knowledge, hope, purity, and the divine. In Islam, this is no different. The Quran frequently uses light (nur) as a metaphor for God’s guidance and truth, with one of the most famous verses being the “Verse of Light” (Ayat an-Nur), which describes God as “the Light of the heavens and the earth” (Quran 24:35). It is no surprise, then, that illuminating homes, mosques, and streets with an abundance of lights has become a hallmark of Ramadan celebrations. These lights are more than just decoration; they are a physical manifestation of the joy, spirit, and divine light that the month is believed to bring.

The Metaphor of Light in Islamic Tradition

The connection between light and spirituality is deeply woven into Islamic thought. The Prophet Muhammad is himself often referred to as a “lamp spreading light” (sirajan muniran). The guidance of the Quran is described as a light that leads humanity out of darkness. Fasting during Ramadan is meant to be a process of spiritual purification, of polishing the heart so that it can better reflect this divine light.

When communities hang strings of lights and families light candles, they are, in a way, participating in this metaphor. They are making the intangible concept of spiritual light tangible. The external brightness is a reflection of the internal light of faith that is kindled and strengthened during the month. The act of lighting up the darkness of the night mirrors the act of seeking knowledge and guidance to illuminate the soul. This makes the simple act of plugging in a string of fairy lights a potentially meaningful ritual, connecting a festive mood with a deep theological concept.

Creating a Festive Atmosphere: The Psychology of Warm Lighting

Beyond the spiritual symbolism, there is a simple, human reason why lights are so central to Ramadan celebrations: they create a wonderful atmosphere. The psychology of lighting is well-understood; warm, soft light tends to make people feel more relaxed, comfortable, and sociable (Azevedo, 2021). After a long day of fasting, from sunrise to sunset, the breaking of the fast (Iftar) is a highly anticipated moment of relief and togetherness.

Imagine a home filled with the soft, inviting glow of fairy lights, lanterns, and candles. This warm ambiance transforms the evening meal from a simple dinner into a special, celebratory event. It creates a welcoming environment for family members who have been apart all day and for guests who have been invited to share the meal. The lights signal that this is not an ordinary evening; it is a Ramadan evening, a time for community, connection, and gratitude. This festive atmosphere is crucial for making the month feel special, particularly for children, helping to build positive and joyful associations with Ramadan that they will carry throughout their lives.

Practical Tips for Safe and Beautiful Light Displays

While creating a luminous wonderland is a joyful part of Ramadan, safety must always be the first priority, especially when mixing decorations with the increased foot traffic of guests and excited children.

  1. Choose the Right Lights: For indoor use, always opt for lights that are specifically rated for indoor use. LED lights are an excellent choice as they consume far less energy and, most importantly, they remain cool to the touch, significantly reducing the risk of fire. This is particularly important if lights will be draped over fabrics like curtains or tapestries.
  2. Inspect Your Lights: Before you hang any lights, whether old or new, inspect them carefully. Check for frayed wires, cracked sockets, or loose connections. It is better to discard a faulty set of lights than to risk an accident.
  3. Avoid Overloading Outlets: Do not plug too many strings of lights into a single outlet or extension cord. Read the manufacturer’s instructions to know how many strings can be safely connected end-to-end. Using a power strip with a built-in circuit breaker can provide an extra layer of protection.
  4. Secure Wires: Keep wires and extension cords out of high-traffic areas to prevent tripping hazards. You can use tape or special cord covers to secure them along walls or under rugs. Be careful not to run cords under carpets, as this can be a fire hazard.
  5. Candle Safety: Real candles offer a beautiful, traditional glow, but they require constant vigilance. Never leave burning candles unattended. Keep them away from flammable materials like curtains, papers, and other decorations. Place them on stable, heat-resistant surfaces and out of the reach of children and pets. For a worry-free alternative, consider high-quality flameless LED candles. Many modern versions flicker and have a warm glow that is remarkably realistic.

Beyond Fairy Lights: Modern LED and Smart Lighting Solutions

While classic fairy lights and candles will always have their place, modern technology offers exciting new ways to illuminate your home for Ramadan. Exploring a modern China islamic home decorations supplies can reveal a host of innovative options.

  • LED Strip Lights: These are versatile ribbons of light that can be cut to size and have an adhesive backing, making them easy to install. They can be used to create a beautiful back-lighting effect behind a headboard, under kitchen cabinets, or along the frame of a piece of calligraphic art. Many come with a remote control that allows you to change the color and brightness, allowing you to switch from a bright, festive light to a soft, calming glow.
  • Smart Bulbs: Replacing your regular light bulbs with smart bulbs gives you complete control over your home’s lighting from your phone. You can schedule lights to turn on automatically at sunset, just in time for Iftar. You can also program them to shift to warmer, dimmer tones as the evening progresses, creating the perfect ambiance for evening prayers and relaxation. Some can even be programmed to cycle through gentle color changes.
  • Light Projectors: Often called “star projectors” or “galaxy projectors,” these devices can cast a moving display of stars, nebulae, or other patterns onto your ceiling. Using one that projects a gentle, starry sky can be a beautiful way to bring the celestial theme of Ramadan indoors, creating a mesmerizing and contemplative environment, especially in a prayer area or a child’s bedroom.

By combining traditional lights like the Fanoos with these modern options, you can create a layered and dynamic lighting scheme that is both beautiful and deeply symbolic, truly capturing the spirit of Ramadan as a month of illumination.

The Colors of Celebration: Textiles and Fabrics

While light sets the mood for Ramadan, textiles provide the color, texture, and comfort that make a house feel like a festive home. The use of rich fabrics and symbolic colors is a tradition that adds depth and warmth to the celebratory environment. From ornate table runners for Iftar feasts to special prayer rugs laid out for Taraweeh prayers, textiles play a vital and often underappreciated role in the visual culture of the holy month. They soften spaces, introduce symbolic hues, and carry with them artistic traditions that are centuries old.

Symbolic Colors and Their Meanings in Ramadan

Color is a powerful non-verbal communicator, and certain colors have become strongly associated with Ramadan and Islamic art in general. While these associations can vary by region and personal interpretation, some common themes emerge.

Color Common Symbolic Meaning Application in Ramadan Decor
Green Often associated with paradise, nature, and life. It is said to have been a favorite color of the Prophet Muhammad. Used in prayer rugs, banners, and calligraphic art. A touch of green can symbolize hope and spiritual prosperity.
Gold Represents wealth, divinity, and celebration. Its shimmer catches the light beautifully. Used for embroidered calligraphy, tassels on cushions, metallic threads in table runners, and as an accent on lanterns and dishes.
White Symbolizes purity, cleanliness, and peace. It is the color of the Ihram garments worn during Hajj. Used for tablecloths, napkins, and as a background color in more complex patterns to provide a sense of clarity and simplicity.
Blue Particularly deep blues (like cobalt or indigo), often represent the heavens, the infinite, and protection. It is a dominant color in the tilework of many famous mosques. Used in ceramic tiles, cushions, and glassware. It provides a sense of calm and spiritual depth.

Understanding these symbolic meanings can help you make more intentional choices when selecting your Ramadan textiles. You might choose a green and gold color scheme to evoke a sense of paradise and celebration, or a blue and white theme to create a serene and contemplative atmosphere for prayer and reflection.

Khayamiya: The Art of Egyptian Tent-Making

No discussion of Ramadan textiles would be complete without mentioning Khayamiya, the stunning decorative appliqué textile from Egypt. The name comes from the Arabic word for “tent” (khayma), and this art form was historically used to create the vibrant interiors of large tents used for celebrations and gatherings. The Street of the Tentmakers (Sharia al-Khayamiya) in Cairo is a covered market that has been the center of this craft for centuries.

Khayamiya pieces are characterized by intricate, hand-sewn cotton appliqués on a heavy cotton canvas backing. The designs are a vibrant tapestry of Islamic calligraphy, Quranic verses, Pharaonic motifs, and stunning arabesque patterns. During Ramadan, Khayamiya panels are used as wall hangings, tablecloths, and backdrops for gatherings. The bold colors and patterns instantly transform a space, infusing it with a sense of history and festivity that is uniquely Egyptian but appreciated globally. A large Khayamiya panel hung on a wall can serve as the entire decorative theme for a room, its powerful presence setting a joyous and traditional tone for the month.

Decorating with Table Runners, Cushions, and Prayer Rugs

Beyond large-scale hangings, textiles are most impactful in the smaller details that add comfort and elegance to daily life during Ramadan.

  • Table Runners and Tablecloths: The Iftar table is the heart of the Ramadan evening. Dressing it with a special table runner or tablecloth elevates the meal. Look for fabrics with subtle geometric patterns, metallic threads, or embroidered edges. A runner with calligraphic script reading “Ramadan Kareem” or one featuring a crescent moon motif can be a beautiful and direct reference to the occasion.
  • Cushions and Floor Pillows: Ramadan is a time for long evening prayers (Taraweeh) and relaxed gatherings after Iftar. Having an abundance of comfortable cushions and floor pillows encourages lounging and conversation. You can easily update your living space for the month by simply changing your cushion covers. Choose covers in rich velvets, silks, or cottons in symbolic Ramadan colors. Tassels, embroidery, and block-printed patterns add a layer of texture and visual interest.
  • Prayer Rugs: While a prayer rug (sajada) is a daily functional item, many families have special, more ornate rugs that they bring out for Ramadan and Eid. A beautiful prayer rug is not just a clean surface to pray on; its design can help focus the mind. Many feature an arch or mihrab design, which is to be pointed towards the Kaaba in Mecca. Laying out a beautiful, clean prayer rug in a designated prayer corner, perhaps with a small table for the Quran and a string of lights, creates a serene and inviting space for worship.

Choosing Fabrics for Iftar and Suhoor Gatherings

When hosting guests for Iftar (the sunset meal) or Suhoor (the pre-dawn meal), the textiles you choose can contribute significantly to the spirit of hospitality. A crisp white tablecloth can create a feeling of freshness and purity, which is especially welcome after a day of fasting. Layering it with a colorful runner in gold or blue adds a celebratory touch.

Consider the practicality of the fabrics as well. For a large family gathering, especially with children, a beautiful but machine-washable tablecloth might be a more sensible choice than delicate silk. For napkins, you can use simple cloth napkins and elevate them with decorative napkin rings in the shape of a star or crescent. These small details show a level of care and intentionality that makes guests feel truly welcomed and honored, which is a core tenet of Ramadan hospitality.

Nature’s Bounty: Dates, Fruits, and Floral Arrangements

Amidst the shimmering lights and sacred texts, the decorations of Ramadan also draw from the earth. The use of natural elements—specifically dates, fresh fruits, and flowers—brings a sense of life, abundance, and gratitude into the home. These are not static decorations; they are living, edible, and fragrant, engaging all the senses and connecting the spiritual observance of the month with the tangible blessings of the natural world. This focus on nature’s bounty is a humble yet profound way to answer the question, what are the traditional decorations for Ramadan.

The Prophetic Tradition of Breaking the Fast with Dates

The most significant natural element in Ramadan is the humble date. It is a strong Islamic tradition (Sunnah) for Muslims to break their fast at sunset with dates, following the practice of the Prophet Muhammad. He is reported to have broken his fast with fresh dates; if they were not available, then dried dates; and if those were not available, then a few sips of water.

This tradition is laden with both practical and spiritual wisdom. Nutritionally, dates are an excellent source of natural sugars, fiber, and potassium, providing a quick energy boost to the body after a long day of fasting without overwhelming the digestive system (Al-Faris, 2025). Spiritually, the act of eating a date at the moment of Iftar is a direct connection to the Prophet’s practice, a simple ritual that has been performed by billions of Muslims across 14 centuries.

Because of this central role, dates themselves become a form of decoration. They are not hidden in the pantry but are displayed prominently. Beautiful bowls, tiered stands, and ornate boxes are filled with different varieties of dates—Medjool, Deglet Noor, Ajwa—and placed on the dining table or in the living room, ready for the moment the fast ends. Their presence is a constant reminder of the approaching Iftar and the simple, prophetic tradition that begins the evening’s nourishment.

Creating Abundant and Beautiful Iftar Centerpieces

The Iftar table is a scene of celebration, and a beautiful centerpiece can make it even more special. Instead of a purely floral arrangement, consider creating an abundant, edible centerpiece that celebrates the theme of gratitude for God’s provisions.

You can use a large platter, a tiered stand, or a collection of bowls to create a stunning display. Start with a base of dates. Then, add other fruits mentioned in the Quran, such as figs, pomegranates, olives, and grapes. The variety of colors and textures—the deep purple of the figs, the jewel-like seeds of the pomegranate, the rich brown of the dates—creates a feast for the eyes before it becomes a feast for the stomach.

You can intersperse the fruit with nuts like almonds and walnuts, and perhaps a few sprigs of fresh mint for a touch of green and a lovely fragrance. This type of centerpiece is not only beautiful and symbolic but also practical, as guests can help themselves to the fruits and nuts as part of the Iftar meal. It is a living decoration that embodies the spirit of sharing and abundance.

The Use of Fragrant Flowers and Greenery

While edible arrangements are significant, traditional floral arrangements also have their place in Ramadan decor. Flowers and greenery bring life, freshness, and natural beauty into the home, offering a contrast to the more structured, man-made decorations.

Fragrance is a key consideration. Flowers like jasmine, tuberose, and lilies release a beautiful scent in the evening, perfectly timed to coincide with Iftar and evening gatherings. A simple vase of fragrant flowers on a side table can fill the room with a calming and beautiful aroma.

Greenery is also important. Sprigs of eucalyptus, olive branches, or even simple palm leaves can be used to create garlands to drape over a mantelpiece or to lay down the center of a table. The color green, as mentioned earlier, is deeply symbolic in Islam, representing life and paradise. Using fresh greenery is a simple way to incorporate this symbolic color in its most natural form. You can even combine elements by tucking small sprigs of mint or rosemary into your napkin rings, adding a touch of green and a subtle fragrance to each place setting.

Symbolism of Abundance and Gratitude

Ultimately, incorporating natural elements into your Ramadan decor is a powerful expression of gratitude (shukr). Fasting from dawn to dusk heightens one’s awareness of the simple blessings of food and water. The act of abstaining makes the act of receiving all the more meaningful.

When you lay out a beautiful spread of fruits or arrange fresh flowers, you are creating a visual representation of the blessings you are thankful for. It is a way of acknowledging that these gifts come from God and of celebrating the abundance He has provided. This theme of gratitude is central to the entire month of Ramadan. The decorations are not just for aesthetic pleasure; they are prompts for remembrance. The sight of a bowl of dates reminds you of the Prophet’s tradition. The sight of a pomegranate reminds you of the bounty of creation. The fragrance of a flower reminds you of the beauty in the world. In this way, these natural decorations help to cultivate a state of mindfulness and thankfulness that is the true goal of the holy month.

Welcoming and Giving: Banners, Wreaths, and Door Decor

The spirit of Ramadan is one of community, hospitality, and sharing. It is a time for opening one’s home and heart to family, friends, and neighbors. This spirit of welcome is beautifully expressed through decorations placed at the very entrance to the home. Banners, wreaths, and other forms of door decor serve as a public declaration of the household’s participation in the holy month and as a warm invitation to all who pass by or enter. They are the first impression of a home’s festive spirit, setting a tone of joy and generosity from the outside in.

The Spirit of Hospitality in Ramadan

Hospitality is a deeply cherished value in Islam, and it takes on special significance during Ramadan. There is a great reward promised for feeding a fasting person, and inviting others to share in the Iftar meal is a common practice across all cultures. The Prophet Muhammad is reported to have been the most generous of people, and his generosity was said to be at its peak during Ramadan.

Decorating the entrance to your home is a modern extension of this tradition of hospitality. It is a signal to the community that this is a house of celebration, a place where the spirit of Ramadan is alive. For guests, seeing a “Ramadan Mubarak” banner on the door or a beautiful wreath is a heartwarming gesture. It makes them feel expected and honored before they have even stepped inside. For the family living in the home, it is a daily reminder as they come and go of the specialness of the month and the values of generosity and community they are striving to embody.

Crafting “Ramadan Mubarak” and “Eid Mubarak” Banners

Banners are one of the simplest and most effective ways to convey a festive message. The phrases “Ramadan Mubarak” (Blessed Ramadan) and “Ramadan Kareem” (Generous Ramadan) are the traditional greetings of the month, and displaying them prominently is a key part of the celebration.

These banners come in a huge variety of styles, materials, and price points.

  • Fabric Banners: These can be made from felt, burlap, or canvas and often feature letters that are sewn on or printed. They have a lovely, soft, and handmade feel.
  • Cardstock Banners: A popular and affordable option, these consist of individual letters or shapes cut from cardstock and strung together with ribbon or twine. They often come in glittery gold or silver, adding a touch of sparkle.
  • Wooden Banners: For a more rustic or durable option, you can find banners made from individual wooden tiles, each with a letter burned or painted on it. These can be reused year after year.
  • Lighted Banners: Some modern banners incorporate LED lights, combining the message with the festive glow that is so characteristic of Ramadan nights.

Many families also have a separate banner for “Eid Mubarak” (Blessed Festival), which they swap out on the last night of Ramadan to welcome the festival of Eid al-Fitr, which marks the end of the fasting month. This simple act of changing the banner becomes a ritual in itself, marking the transition from the month of fasting and reflection to the day of celebration and feasting.

Modern Ramadan Wreaths: A Fusion of Tradition and Trend

The concept of a decorative wreath for the front door is traditionally associated with Western holidays like Christmas. However, in a beautiful example of cultural fusion, the Ramadan wreath has become an increasingly popular decoration, especially among Muslims living in the West. It adapts a familiar decorative form and infuses it with Islamic symbolism.

A Ramadan wreath can be a stunning and creative expression of faith and celebration. Instead of holly and berries, these wreaths incorporate elements that are meaningful to Ramadan:

  • Crescent Moon Shape: Many wreaths are built on a crescent-shaped frame rather than a traditional circle, making them instantly recognizable as an Islamic celebration piece.
  • Symbolic Colors: Wreaths are often decorated with ribbons, flowers, and ornaments in the symbolic colors of Ramadan—greens, golds, whites, and blues.
  • Florals and Greenery: Artificial or dried flowers like roses and hydrangeas, combined with greenery like eucalyptus or olive branches, create a beautiful and welcoming look.
  • Added Embellishments: Small wooden cutouts of mosques, lanterns, or stars can be nestled within the foliage. A small, elegant plaque reading “Ramadan Mubarak” can be hung in the center.

The Ramadan wreath is a perfect example of how traditions evolve. It allows Muslim families, particularly in diaspora communities, to participate in the general festive culture of decorating their front doors while maintaining their own unique cultural and religious identity.

Decorating Entrances to Welcome Guests and Blessings

Beyond a banner or a wreath on the door itself, you can extend the decorative theme to the entire entrance area to create an even more welcoming experience.

  • Porch and Entryway: If you have a front porch, consider placing one or two large Fanoos lanterns on either side of the door. You can also wrap porch railings with string lights or a simple garland of greenery.
  • Welcome Mat: A special welcome mat for Ramadan, perhaps with a geometric pattern or a simple greeting, is a small touch that can make a big impact.
  • Indoor Foyer: The welcoming feeling should continue once guests step inside. The foyer or entryway is the perfect place for a console table decorated with a calligraphic print, a bowl of dates, and a small Fanoos or a vase of fresh flowers. This creates a beautiful and cohesive transition from the outside world to the sanctuary of your home.

By paying special attention to the entrance of your home, you are doing more than just decorating. You are practicing the art of hospitality, sending a clear and beautiful message of peace, joy, and welcome to all who arrive at your doorstep during the blessed month of Ramadan.

A Comparative Look at Ramadan Decorations Across Cultures

While symbols like the crescent moon and the Fanoos are becoming globally recognized, the specific ways in which people decorate for Ramadan can vary beautifully from one region to another. These cultural variations are a testament to the rich diversity of the Muslim world, showing how the universal spirit of Ramadan is expressed through unique local traditions, materials, and artistic sensibilities. Understanding these differences provides a deeper appreciation for the global tapestry of the holy month.

Middle Eastern Splendor: Elaborate Lights and Fanoos

In the heartland of many Ramadan traditions, particularly in Egypt and the Gulf countries, the approach to decoration is often one of splendor and abundance. The aesthetic is one of bright, joyful, and highly visible celebration.

  • Egypt: As the birthplace of the Fanoos, Egypt’s celebrations are characterized by lanterns of all shapes and sizes. Streets, alleyways, and balconies are festooned with massive Fanoos and complex networks of colorful string lights. The art of Khayamiya is also front and center, with large, vibrant textile panels decorating public spaces and homes.
  • The Gulf States (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, etc.): Here, the celebrations often take on a modern and luxurious feel. Shopping malls, hotels, and public squares feature incredibly elaborate light displays and massive, professionally designed installations. The crescent moon and star motif is ubiquitous, often rendered in dazzling LED lights. Homes are also brightly lit, with a focus on creating a luxurious and welcoming ambiance for the frequent evening gatherings and majlis (social councils).

Southeast Asian Simplicity: Ketupat and Pelita Lamps

In countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei, Ramadan decorations incorporate unique local symbols and a slightly different aesthetic that often emphasizes natural materials and a sense of community craftsmanship.

  • Ketupat: In Malaysia and Indonesia, a woven pouch made from palm leaves, usually used to cook rice, becomes a primary decorative symbol during the festive season of Ramadan and the following Eid (known as Hari Raya). The intricate weaving of the ketupat is said to symbolize the complexity of human faults, while the white rice inside represents purity and forgiveness after a month of fasting. Woven ketupat decorations, both real and artificial, are hung in homes and public places.
  • Pelita(Oil Lamps): Especially in the later nights of Ramadan, particularly the last ten nights, it is a tradition in Malaysia to light up gardens and driveways with small oil lamps called pelita. These are typically made from bamboo filled with kerosene. Lighting the lamps is believed to welcome angels and blessings into the home. The sight of entire villages flickering with the gentle light of hundreds of these lamps is a uniquely beautiful and serene Southeast Asian Ramadan tradition.

Western Diaspora Innovations: Fusing Cultures in Decor

For Muslims living in North America, Europe, and Australia, Ramadan decorations are often a creative fusion of inherited traditions and the cultural landscape of their new homes. This has led to many of the modern innovations we see today.

  • The Ramadan Wreath: As discussed earlier, this is a prime example of adapting a Western decorative form for a Muslim holiday.
  • The Ramadan Advent Calendar: Borrowing from the Christmas tradition, many families now use “Ramadan calendars” with 30 pockets or boxes. Each day, children can open one to find a small treat, a good deed to perform, or a piece of Islamic knowledge. This is a wonderful tool for building excitement and engaging children throughout the month.
  • DIY and Personalized Decor: There is a strong emphasis on Do-It-Yourself (DIY) projects and personalized decorations that reflect a family’s unique mixed heritage or aesthetic. This can involve crafting banners in English, creating countdown boards, and integrating Ramadan motifs with existing home decor in a way that feels authentic to the family.

This blending of cultures shows the dynamic and living nature of tradition. It demonstrates how communities adapt and innovate to make the celebration of Ramadan meaningful and visible in diverse global contexts.

Practical Guide to Decorating for Ramadan in 2025

With Ramadan 2025 approaching, the desire to create a festive and spiritual atmosphere at home becomes a joyful priority for many families. However, the process can sometimes feel overwhelming. By breaking it down into manageable steps—planning, budgeting, and involving the family—you can ensure that decorating becomes a stress-free and meaningful part of your Ramadan preparations.

Planning Your Decorative Theme

Before you buy a single item, take a moment to envision the look and feel you want to create. A little planning can result in a cohesive and beautiful outcome.

  1. Choose a Color Palette: Decide on a primary color scheme. Do you prefer the traditional and regal look of gold and green? Or perhaps the calming and serene combination of blue and silver? Maybe a neutral palette of white, cream, and wood tones with metallic accents is more your style. Sticking to a palette of 2-3 main colors will help your decor look unified.
  2. Select a Focal Point: Decide which area of your home will be the main center of your decorations. This could be the mantelpiece above your fireplace, a large feature wall in your living room, or your dining area where Iftar will be served. Concentrating your most impactful decorations in one area can create a “wow” factor without needing to decorate every single corner of the house.
  3. Mix and Match Traditions: Think about which traditional elements you want to prioritize. Are you drawn to the historic charm of the Fanoos? The spiritual depth of calligraphy? The whimsical sparkle of fairy lights? You don’t need to include everything. Choose 2-3 key elements that resonate with you and build your theme around them. For example, a theme could be “Celestial Nights,” focusing on crescent moons, stars, and shades of blue and silver.

Budgeting and Sourcing Your Decorations

Ramadan is not about extravagant spending, and you can create a beautiful environment on any budget.

  • Inventory What You Have: Before shopping, go through the decorations you’ve used in previous years. Test the lights, check for broken items, and see what can be reused. This will prevent you from buying duplicates.
  • Set a Budget: Decide how much you are comfortable spending. This will guide your decisions and help you prioritize.
  • DIY First: Consider what you can make yourself. Handmade banners, paper lanterns, and painted cardboard crescents are not only cost-effective but also add a personal, heartfelt touch.
  • Shop Smart: Look for post-holiday sales after Eid to stock up for the next year. Online marketplaces and specialized party supply stores often offer a wide range of options. For those looking for a comprehensive selection, exploring a supplier of celebration supplies can provide inspiration and variety.
  • Invest in Reusable Pieces: It can be wise to invest in a few high-quality, durable pieces that you love and can reuse for many years, such as a well-made Fanoos, a wooden banner, or a piece of framed calligraphic art. You can then supplement these key pieces each year with less expensive, disposable items like paper goods or fresh flowers.

Involving the Family: Making Decorating a Shared Tradition

The most important aspect of decorating for Ramadan is to make it a shared, joyful experience. It is an opportunity to create lasting memories and to teach children about the beauty and significance of their traditions.

  • Assign Roles: Give everyone a job, no matter how small. Young children can help untangle fairy lights (with supervision), string beads, or place dates in a bowl. Older children can help hang banners, design a craft, or arrange a centerpiece.
  • Start a Tradition: Make the “decorating day” a special event. Put on some nasheeds (Islamic songs), prepare some special snacks, and make it a fun-filled family afternoon. This can become a cherished tradition that everyone looks forward to each year.
  • Tell the Stories: As you handle each decorative item, take the opportunity to explain its meaning. When you hang the crescent moon, talk about the lunar calendar. When you light the Fanoos, share the stories of its origins in Cairo. This transforms the act of decorating from a chore into an educational and spiritual experience.

By approaching the task with intention and involving the whole family, you can ensure that the process of preparing your home for Ramadan is as blessed and rewarding as the holy month itself.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

When is the right time to put up Ramadan decorations?

There is no strict religious rule. Most families begin decorating in the week leading up to the start of Ramadan, often making it a weekend family activity. This builds anticipation and allows the home to feel festive from the very first day of the fast. Some may put them up even earlier, on the 15th of the preceding month of Sha’ban.

Are decorations a required part of Ramadan?

No, decorations are a cultural tradition, not a religious obligation. The core of Ramadan is spiritual—fasting, prayer, and charity (Yaqeen Institute, 2025). However, creating a festive environment is a beloved practice that helps enhance the spiritual experience, foster joy, especially for children, and celebrate cultural identity.

Can I use non-traditional colors for Ramadan decorations?

Absolutely. While colors like green, gold, and blue are common due to their symbolic associations, you should feel free to choose a color palette that you love and that complements your home’s decor. Many people now use modern palettes like rose gold and blush, or black and white for a minimalist look. The goal is to create a space that feels special and joyous to you and your family.

How can I decorate a small apartment for Ramadan?

For smaller spaces, focus on vertical and multi-functional decor. Use wall space for decals, banners, or a single piece of framed calligraphy. Hang string lights around windows or mirrors to add sparkle without taking up floor space. Use a tiered tray for dates and treats, which maximizes tabletop real estate. A single, beautiful Fanoos on a small table can have a big impact.

What is the difference between Ramadan and Eid decorations?

Ramadan decorations are enjoyed for the entire month and often focus on themes of reflection, spirituality, and the nightly Iftar. Eid al-Fitr decorations are specifically for the 1-3 day festival that marks the end of Ramadan. While many decorations are used for both, Eid decor is often brighter, more celebratory, and may include “Eid Mubarak” banners instead of “Ramadan Mubarak.” The focus shifts from the introspective mood of fasting to the outright joy of the festival.

Are there any specific symbols to avoid in Ramadan decorations?

In general, Islamic tradition discourages the use of animate figures (humans or animals) in religious contexts to avoid any semblance of idolatry. While this is interpreted with varying degrees of strictness, it is wisest to stick to the rich vocabulary of Islamic art: geometric patterns (arabesque), floral motifs, and, most importantly, calligraphy.

Where can I find authentic Ramadan decorations?

Local Middle Eastern or South Asian markets are often treasure troves of authentic, handcrafted items. Many mosques or community centers host Ramadan bazaars. Online, there is a growing number of small businesses on platforms like Etsy that specialize in modern and traditional Islamic decor. For bulk or varied selections, large online suppliers are also a valuable resource.

Conclusion

The traditions of decorating for Ramadan are far more than a simple aesthetic exercise. They are a vibrant expression of faith, a celebration of history, and a powerful tool for building community and family bonds. From the historical glow of the Fanoos lantern, recalling the bustling nights of Fatimid Cairo, to the celestial arc of the crescent moon that governs the sacred rhythm of the month, each symbol is laden with layers of meaning. The intricate beauty of Islamic calligraphy turns our walls into reminders of divine guidance, while the simple, warm glow of string lights reflects the spiritual nur or light that believers seek to cultivate within their hearts.

As we have seen, these traditions are not static. They are alive, evolving, and adapting to new cultural contexts, from the ketupat weavings of Malaysia to the innovative Ramadan wreaths found in Western homes. What unites them all is a common purpose: to transform a physical space into a sanctuary of peace, a haven of hospitality, and a classroom for the soul. The act of decorating becomes a ritual in itself—a way to mindfully prepare our environment, and by extension, ourselves, for the spiritual journey ahead. Whether through a simple bowl of dates on a table or an elaborate display of lights, these decorations help us to outwardly manifest the inner joy and reverence we feel for this blessed month.

References

Al-Faris, M. A. (2025). Ramadan intermittent fasting for patients with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases: Practical guidance for health-care professionals. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00283-8

Azevedo, C. M., & Lélis, V. C. (2021). Light and emotions: A study on the influence of lighting on the passenger’s perception in a subway. Thinking, Skills and Creativity, 41, 100877.

Fahmy, K. (2017). The anatomy of a peculiar institution: The Mamluk-Ottoman army in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In The Mamluk-Ottoman transition (pp. 371-394). Bonn University Press.

Safadi, Y. H. (1978). Islamic calligraphy. Thames & Hudson.

Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. (2025, February 25). How does Ramadan work? A beginner’s guide. Yaqeen Institute. https://yaqeeninstitute.org.my/read/paper/how-does-ramadan-work-a-beginners-guide